The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) is an international standard (ISO/IEC 40500) published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The WCAG standards are not a law, but a set of guidelines for ensuring that digital information is accessible and complies with nondiscrimination laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1990) and the 508 ICT Refresh (2018).
According to Rice Policy 851, the WCAG version 2.1, levels A and AA is Rice University's standard for creating, sharing, and procuring accessible information and communication technologies (ICT). The standards give guidance for avoiding and removing accessibility barriers so that everyone can independently access and use the digital information we create and share. Learn more about the standards in the video Introduction to Web Accessibility and W3C Standards below.
View as a text transcript with a description of visuals.
Four Principles of WCAG
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) consist of four principles that form the acronym POUR.
For a quick overview of the WCAG principles, see WCAG at a Glance.
Perceivable |
How does your audience perceive the digital content you create and share?
Should they be able to see it? Hear it? Both?
What if they have vision and/or hearing loss?
Are there alternative modes of representation?
There are four guidelines and 20 A and AA success criteria for Perceivable.
Operable |
How does your audience operate within your digital content?
Does it depend entirely on using a mouse?
What if they don’t use a mouse?
Can they use a keyboard instead?
What about a touch screen, or voice commands?
There are five guidelines and 17 A and AA success criteria for Operable.
Understandable |
Is your content understandable to your whole audience?
Is it readable? What if their first language is not the primary language of the instructions?
Are there guides for understanding acronyms, abbreviations, and jargon?
Is everything arranged consistently and predictably?
There are three guidelines and 10 A and AA success criteria for Understandable.
Robust |
Is the platform and content created in a way that works for everyone, including people who use assistive and mobile technologies?
There is one guideline and 3 A and AA success criteria for Robust.
Success Criteria
Each of the four WCAG principles has its own set of guidelines and Success Criteria (SC).
Each SC also includes a list of technology-specific techniques for meeting it.
In total, there are 78 Success Criteria in the WCAG 2.1 standard.
SC categorized by three levels of conformance: A, AA and AAA.
Note that Rice Policy 851 does not require us to meet AAA success criteria.
There are 50 A and AA criteria.
Some A and AA SC are more relevant to admins, developers, and technology vendors who provide products and tools.
Content authors can meet many of the SC relevant to your role by using the basic techniques.
3 Levels of Conformance
LEVEL A, success criteria you MUST meet.
Level A criteria form the baseline for digital accessibility.
The techniques associated with level A show us how to avoid designing barriers into our digital information and help us comply with nondiscrimination laws.
LEVEL AA, success criteria you SHOULD meet.
Level AA criteria go beyond baseline requirements.
AA criteria help improve the quality of our digital information without requiring significantly more effort.
Rice University asks us to meet level AA criteria whenever relevant to the digital information we create and share.
LEVEL AAA, success criteria you COULD meet.
Level AAA criteria go even further and empower our audience with greater choices.
Rice University does not require us to meet Level AAA criteria, but is highly encouraged whenever possible.
Designing with WCAG
If we start with a few basic techniques, then we can design a wide variety of digital information that meet many success criteria of the WCAG.
Basic Techniques of Accessible Design
We distilled the WCAG 2.1 A-AA criteria with the highest impact for content authors into eight basic guides.
Sometimes we refer to these techniques as “digital curb cuts” because they expand access for everyone and can be applied in many different contexts.